Anthropology
“人类学”顾名思义是一门研究人的学问,其英文“anthropology”就是源于希腊语“人的学问”的复合含义。 从广义上讲,人类学自发端之始就具备了兼容人文社会科学与自然科学的跨学科考察特征,其研究范围可以包括从有人类历史以来的与人相关的各个领域,比如涉及对人性和人的本质探讨的哲学、关注人们之间相互关系的社会学、心理学以及关注人的体质特征和生物属性的生物学等等。 从狭义上讲,人类学作为一门现代学科,直到19世纪中期才开始形成一个较为独立的研究领域。可以说,现代人类学发端于英国,发展于欧洲,繁盛于美国,在目前较为流行的北美人类学知识框架下,人类学包含了生物或体质人类学(biological or physical anthropology)、语言人类学(linguistic anthropology)、考古人类学(anthropological archaeology)、文化人类学(cultural anthropology)或民族学(ethnology)。“人类学”一般意义上侧重指文化人类学,“文化”是人类学关注的核心内容,人类学家始终把寻求地球上诸多文化与族群活动的普遍性作为其使命,同时承认文化多样性,尊重地方性的文化,力图建立不同文化间的对话和文化理解。其学科标志是田野工作和民族志,田野工作强调对地方族群日常生活直接加入,与所调查的族群居民同吃同住同劳动并学习当地语言,通过对当地生活的实际体验获得经验性的调查资料。民族志是人类学研究撰写成的文本,人类学研究成果还包括民族志电影以及以民族志为素材的专业论文、论著和应用性的结论与实践等。 我国人类学发展尚不完善,因我国人类学起步时已有考古学、语言学和生物学、医学等实力强大的学科独立存在,故而语言人类学、考古人类学和体质人类学与历史学、语言学和自然科学的关系更为密切,同人类学的关系则处在因缺少跨学科知识而难于联姻的状态中。
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