为了与汉语言文学和英语专业区分开来，在此将“语言文学”定义为除汉、英之外的外国语言与文学专业，即“小语种”专业。小语种是相对英语这类应用面很广用者甚众的外语而言，是只在少数国家应用的外语语种。小语种的定义一般有两种。一种是指除联合国通用语种（英语、法语、俄语、西班牙语、阿拉伯语、汉语）外的所有语种（该定义被多国教育机构采用）；而大多数人通常认为英语是通用语种，其它语种都是非通用语种，因此小语种的另一种定义就是指英语以外的其它语种。按第一种定义统计，目前中国各高校开设的小语种约有30种。
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