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IIT has five campuses: Main Campus, located at 3300 South Federal Street in Chicago's Bronzeville neighborhood, houses all undergraduate programs and graduate programs in engineering, sciences, architecture, communications, and psychology Downtown Campus, at 565 West Adams Street in Chicago, houses Chicago-Kent College of Law, Stuart School of Business, and the graduate programs in Public Administration Institute of Design is located at 350 North LaSalle Street in Chicago Daniel F. and Ada L. Rice Campus in Wheaton, Illinois, houses the School of Applied Technology and degree programs in Information Technology and Management. This 19-acre (7.69 ha) campus opened its doors in January 1991. Moffett Campus in Bedford Park, Illinois, is home to the Institute for Food Safety and Health. Moffett Campus was donated to IIT by CPC International Inc. in 1988.[38] Two other undergraduate institutions share IIT's Main Campus: VanderCook College of Music and Shimer College. Both institutions share dormitories with IIT and offer cross-registration for IIT students. The 120-acre (48.6 ha)[40] IIT main campus is centered around 33rd and State Streets, approximately 3 miles (4.8 km) south of the Chicago Loop in the historic Bronzeville neighborhood on the South Side of Chicago,[41] part of the Douglas community area. Also known as the Black Metropolis District, the area is a landmark in African-American history.[42] Following rapid growth during the Great Migration of African-Americans from the south between 1910 and 1920, it became home to numerous African-American owned businesses and cultural institutions and offered an alternative to the race restrictions that were prevalent in the rest of the city.[42] The area was home to author Gwendolyn Brooks, civil rights activist Ida B. Wells, bandleader Louis Armstrong, pilot Bessie Coleman and many other famous African-Americans during the mid-20th century.[43] The nine extant structures from that period were added jointly to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986[44] and designated a Chicago Landmark in 1998.[45] In 1941, the Chicago Housing Authority began erecting massive public housing developments in the area.[46] By 1990, the IIT campus was encircled by high-rise housing projects rife with crime.[47] The projects were demolished beginning in the 1999,[47] and the area began to revitalize, with major renovations to King Drive and many of the historic structures and an influx of new, upscale, housing developments.[48] Neighborhood features include U.S. Cellular Field, home of the Chicago White Sox, Burnham Park and 31st Street Beach on the Lake Michigan waterfront, and historical buildings from the heyday of the Black Metropolis era, including the Chicago Bee Building, the Eighth Regiment Armory, and the Overton Hygienic Building. The campus is bordered on the west by the Chicago 'L' Red Line, which runs parallel to Lake Michigan north to Rogers Park and south to 95th street. The Green Line bisects the campus and runs north to the Loop and then west to the near west suburbs and south to the Museum Campus and the University of Chicago.[49] Today IIT continues to support the Historic Bronzeville area by sponsoring non-for-profits such as The Renaissance Collaborative. Architecture The campus, roughly bounded between 31st and 35th streets, Michigan Avenue and the Dan Ryan Expressway, was designed by modernist architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, "one of the great figures of 20th-century architecture",[52] who chaired the IIT School of Architecture from 1938 to 1958.[53] Van der Rohe's master plan for the IIT campus was one of the most ambitious projects he ever conceived and the campus, with twenty of his works, is the greatest concentration of his buildings in the world.[54] The layout of the campus departs radically from "traditional college quadrangles and limestone buildings".[54] The materials are inspired by the factories and warehouses of Chicago's South Side[54] and "embod[y] 20th century methods and materials: steel and concrete frames with curtain walls of brick and glass."[55] The campus was landscaped by van der Rohe's close colleague at IIT, Alfred Caldwell,[56] "the last representative of the Prairie School of landscape architects."[57] Known as "the nature poet",[58] Caldwell's plan reinforced van der Rohe's design with "landscaping planted in a free-flowing manner, which in its interaction with the pristine qualities of the architecture, introduce[d] a poetic aspect."[59] On the west side of Main Campus are three red brick buildings that were original to Armour Institute, built between 1891 and 1901. In 1938, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe began his 20-year tenure as director of IIT's School of Architecture (1938–1959). The university was on the verge of building a brand new campus, to be one of the nation's first federally funded urban renewal projects. Mies was given carte blanche in the large commission, and the university grew fast enough during and after World War II to allow much of the new plan to be realized. From 1943 to 1957, several new Mies buildings rose across campus, including the S.R. Crown Hall, which houses the architecture school, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2001.[16] Though Mies had emphasized his wish to complete the campus he had begun, commissions from the late 50s onward were given to Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM), prompting Mies to never return to the campus that had changed architecture the world over. SOM architect Walter Netsch designed a few buildings, including the new library that Mies had wished to create, all of them similar to Mies's style. By the late 1960s, campus addition projects were given to SOM's Myron Goldsmith, who had worked with Mies during his education at IIT and thus was able to design several new buildings to harmonize well with the original campus. In 1976, the American Institute of Architects recognized the campus as one of the 200 most significant works of architecture in the United States. The new campus center, designed by Rem Koolhaas, and a new state-of-the-art residence hall designed by Helmut Jahn, State Street Village, opened in 2003. These were the first new buildings built on the Main Campus in 32 years. In 1976, American Institute of Architects named the IIT campus one of the 200 most significant works of architecture in the United States.[60] The IIT Main Campus was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.[61] Sustainability[edit] In 2010, IIT received the Princeton Review's highest sustainability rating among universities in Illinois, tied with the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.