讲座摘要 this talk examines the significance of metainferences for the foundations of logic. while standard approaches individuate logics in terms of their valid inferences, i argue that such a criterion is insufficient. distinct logics may coincide at the level of inference while diverging at the level of metainference, yielding different structural behaviors and inferential profiles. i survey several arguments supporting the primacy of metainferences, including considerations from the identity of logics, the role of structural properties such as transitivity, and the analysis of consequence as a rule-governed practice. the central claim is that metainferential validity provides a more fine-grained and philosophically robust basis for distinguishing logical systems.